12th grade ELA

Pathos Persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. We can look at texts ranging from classic essays to contemporary advertisements to see how pathos, emotional appeals, are used to persuade. Language choice affects the audience's emotional response, and emotional appeal can effectively be used to enhance an argument. Personifcation Giving human qualities to inanimate objects: “The ground thirsts for rain; the wind whispered secrets to us.” Prosopopeia (also spelled prosopopoeia) is a form of powerful personifcation in which an inanimate object gains the ability to speak. Polysyndeton Polysyndeton is a literary technique in which conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed. To refute an argument, you must argue against it. Asking questions is not enough. You must present good reasons why its conclusions or reasons are wrong. The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of fgures of speech and other compositional techniques. A question asked solely to produce an effect or to make an assertion and not to elicit a reply, as “What is so rare as a day in June?”. An artistic form in which human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, derision, irony, parody, caricature, or other methods, sometimes with an intent to inspire social reform. A simile is a fgure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as”. Therefore, it is a direct comparison. The person "speaking" in a text. In literature, the speaker is not necessarily the author. In non-fction, the speaker is usually the writer. Style in literature is the literary element that describes the ways that the author uses words — the author's word choice, sentence structure, fgurative language, and sentence arrangement all work together to establish mood, images, and meaning in the text. Rhetoric Rhetorical Question Sarcasm The use of irony to mock or convey contempt. Satire Simile Speaker Style Propaganda Biased or misleading information used to promote a particular political cause or point of view. Purpose The speaker's intention behind a stylistic choice or the intention behind an entire text. Refutation

Symbol

Objects used to signify larger ideas and qualities

Syntax

The way sentences are structured / organized in a piece of writing

Tone

Tone is the author’s attitude toward a subject. While journalistic writing theoretically has a tone of distance and objectivity, all other writing can have various tones.

Research Terms

Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

Audience

A person or group of people to whom a message is directed.