12th grade ELA

can recognize the validity of another author's argument without fully rejecting it.

Connotation An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.

Context / Occasion Counter- argument

The political, moral, social, popular, etc. circumstances that prompted a speaker's message.

A counterargument is a viewpoint that opposes your main argument. Counter-arguments are part of a good persuasive writing and speaking strategy, because they show that you've considered other points of view. They also set up the chance to refute the opposition, and show why your position is the right one to have. Placing a counter-argument in your persuasive essay increases your ethos (credibility) because it shows fairness.

Denotation The literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.

Diction

Diction can be defned as style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer. Credibility or ethical appeal, means convincing by the character of the author. We tend to believe people whom we respect. One of the central problems of argumentation is to project an impression to the reader that you are someone worth listening to, in other words making yourself as author into an authority on the subject of the paper, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect.

Ethos

Evidence

Proof in the form of data, research, expert opinion, text evidence, and personal experience

Hyperbole

Obvious and intentional exaggeration.

Imagery

Descriptive language that appeals to our physical senses. Usually it is thought that imagery makes use of particular words that create visual representation of ideas in our minds. A technique of indicating, as through character or plot development, an intention or attitude opposite to that which is actually or ostensibly stated.

Irony

Logical Fallacy Illogical reasoning used to support a claim

Logos

Persuading by the use of reasoning.

Metaphor Metaphor is a fgure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things or objects that are poles apart from each other but have some characteristics common between them. A fgure of speech by which a locution produces an incongruous, seemingly self-contradictory effect, as in “cruel kindness” or “to make haste slowly.” A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. Parallelism When the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length. For instance, "King Alfred tried to make the law clear, precise, and equitable.” The previous sentence has parallel structure in use of adjectives. However, the following sentence does not use parallelism: "King Alfred tried to make clear laws that had precision and were equitable.” Oxymoron Paradox

Parody

Parody is an imitation of a particular writer, artist or a genre, exaggerating it deliberately to produce a comic effect.